3.515 \(\int \frac{\cos (c+d x) (A+B \sec (c+d x)+C \sec ^2(c+d x))}{\sqrt{a+a \sec (c+d x)}} \, dx\)

Optimal. Leaf size=120 \[ \frac{\sqrt{2} (A-B+C) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{\sqrt{a} \tan (c+d x)}{\sqrt{2} \sqrt{a \sec (c+d x)+a}}\right )}{\sqrt{a} d}-\frac{(A-2 B) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{\sqrt{a} \tan (c+d x)}{\sqrt{a \sec (c+d x)+a}}\right )}{\sqrt{a} d}+\frac{A \sin (c+d x)}{d \sqrt{a \sec (c+d x)+a}} \]

[Out]

-(((A - 2*B)*ArcTan[(Sqrt[a]*Tan[c + d*x])/Sqrt[a + a*Sec[c + d*x]]])/(Sqrt[a]*d)) + (Sqrt[2]*(A - B + C)*ArcT
an[(Sqrt[a]*Tan[c + d*x])/(Sqrt[2]*Sqrt[a + a*Sec[c + d*x]])])/(Sqrt[a]*d) + (A*Sin[c + d*x])/(d*Sqrt[a + a*Se
c[c + d*x]])

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Rubi [A]  time = 0.239328, antiderivative size = 120, normalized size of antiderivative = 1., number of steps used = 6, number of rules used = 5, integrand size = 41, \(\frac{\text{number of rules}}{\text{integrand size}}\) = 0.122, Rules used = {4086, 3920, 3774, 203, 3795} \[ \frac{\sqrt{2} (A-B+C) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{\sqrt{a} \tan (c+d x)}{\sqrt{2} \sqrt{a \sec (c+d x)+a}}\right )}{\sqrt{a} d}-\frac{(A-2 B) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{\sqrt{a} \tan (c+d x)}{\sqrt{a \sec (c+d x)+a}}\right )}{\sqrt{a} d}+\frac{A \sin (c+d x)}{d \sqrt{a \sec (c+d x)+a}} \]

Antiderivative was successfully verified.

[In]

Int[(Cos[c + d*x]*(A + B*Sec[c + d*x] + C*Sec[c + d*x]^2))/Sqrt[a + a*Sec[c + d*x]],x]

[Out]

-(((A - 2*B)*ArcTan[(Sqrt[a]*Tan[c + d*x])/Sqrt[a + a*Sec[c + d*x]]])/(Sqrt[a]*d)) + (Sqrt[2]*(A - B + C)*ArcT
an[(Sqrt[a]*Tan[c + d*x])/(Sqrt[2]*Sqrt[a + a*Sec[c + d*x]])])/(Sqrt[a]*d) + (A*Sin[c + d*x])/(d*Sqrt[a + a*Se
c[c + d*x]])

Rule 4086

Int[((A_.) + csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(B_.) + csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]^2*(C_.))*(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(d_.))^
(n_)*(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(b_.) + (a_))^(m_), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(A*Cot[e + f*x]*(a + b*Csc[e + f*x])^m*(d*
Csc[e + f*x])^n)/(f*n), x] - Dist[1/(b*d*n), Int[(a + b*Csc[e + f*x])^m*(d*Csc[e + f*x])^(n + 1)*Simp[a*A*m -
b*B*n - b*(A*(m + n + 1) + C*n)*Csc[e + f*x], x], x], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, d, e, f, A, B, C, m}, x] && EqQ[a^2 -
b^2, 0] &&  !LtQ[m, -2^(-1)] && (LtQ[n, -2^(-1)] || EqQ[m + n + 1, 0])

Rule 3920

Int[(csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(d_.) + (c_))/Sqrt[csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(b_.) + (a_)], x_Symbol] :> Dist[c/a,
Int[Sqrt[a + b*Csc[e + f*x]], x], x] - Dist[(b*c - a*d)/a, Int[Csc[e + f*x]/Sqrt[a + b*Csc[e + f*x]], x], x] /
; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d, e, f}, x] && NeQ[b*c - a*d, 0] && EqQ[a^2 - b^2, 0]

Rule 3774

Int[Sqrt[csc[(c_.) + (d_.)*(x_)]*(b_.) + (a_)], x_Symbol] :> Dist[(-2*b)/d, Subst[Int[1/(a + x^2), x], x, (b*C
ot[c + d*x])/Sqrt[a + b*Csc[c + d*x]]], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, c, d}, x] && EqQ[a^2 - b^2, 0]

Rule 203

Int[((a_) + (b_.)*(x_)^2)^(-1), x_Symbol] :> Simp[(1*ArcTan[(Rt[b, 2]*x)/Rt[a, 2]])/(Rt[a, 2]*Rt[b, 2]), x] /;
FreeQ[{a, b}, x] && PosQ[a/b] && (GtQ[a, 0] || GtQ[b, 0])

Rule 3795

Int[csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]/Sqrt[csc[(e_.) + (f_.)*(x_)]*(b_.) + (a_)], x_Symbol] :> Dist[-2/f, Subst[Int[1/(2
*a + x^2), x], x, (b*Cot[e + f*x])/Sqrt[a + b*Csc[e + f*x]]], x] /; FreeQ[{a, b, e, f}, x] && EqQ[a^2 - b^2, 0
]

Rubi steps

\begin{align*} \int \frac{\cos (c+d x) \left (A+B \sec (c+d x)+C \sec ^2(c+d x)\right )}{\sqrt{a+a \sec (c+d x)}} \, dx &=\frac{A \sin (c+d x)}{d \sqrt{a+a \sec (c+d x)}}+\frac{\int \frac{-\frac{1}{2} a (A-2 B)+\frac{1}{2} a (A+2 C) \sec (c+d x)}{\sqrt{a+a \sec (c+d x)}} \, dx}{a}\\ &=\frac{A \sin (c+d x)}{d \sqrt{a+a \sec (c+d x)}}-\frac{(A-2 B) \int \sqrt{a+a \sec (c+d x)} \, dx}{2 a}+(A-B+C) \int \frac{\sec (c+d x)}{\sqrt{a+a \sec (c+d x)}} \, dx\\ &=\frac{A \sin (c+d x)}{d \sqrt{a+a \sec (c+d x)}}+\frac{(A-2 B) \operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{1}{a+x^2} \, dx,x,-\frac{a \tan (c+d x)}{\sqrt{a+a \sec (c+d x)}}\right )}{d}-\frac{(2 (A-B+C)) \operatorname{Subst}\left (\int \frac{1}{2 a+x^2} \, dx,x,-\frac{a \tan (c+d x)}{\sqrt{a+a \sec (c+d x)}}\right )}{d}\\ &=-\frac{(A-2 B) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{\sqrt{a} \tan (c+d x)}{\sqrt{a+a \sec (c+d x)}}\right )}{\sqrt{a} d}+\frac{\sqrt{2} (A-B+C) \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{\sqrt{a} \tan (c+d x)}{\sqrt{2} \sqrt{a+a \sec (c+d x)}}\right )}{\sqrt{a} d}+\frac{A \sin (c+d x)}{d \sqrt{a+a \sec (c+d x)}}\\ \end{align*}

Mathematica [A]  time = 1.14681, size = 120, normalized size = 1. \[ \frac{\sin (c+d x) \left (-\sqrt{2} (A-B+C) \sqrt{\sec (c+d x)-1} \tan ^{-1}\left (\frac{\sqrt{\sec (c+d x)-1}}{\sqrt{2}}\right )+(A-2 B) \sqrt{\sec (c+d x)-1} \tan ^{-1}\left (\sqrt{\sec (c+d x)-1}\right )+A (\cos (c+d x)-1)\right )}{d (\cos (c+d x)-1) \sqrt{a (\sec (c+d x)+1)}} \]

Antiderivative was successfully verified.

[In]

Integrate[(Cos[c + d*x]*(A + B*Sec[c + d*x] + C*Sec[c + d*x]^2))/Sqrt[a + a*Sec[c + d*x]],x]

[Out]

((A*(-1 + Cos[c + d*x]) + (A - 2*B)*ArcTan[Sqrt[-1 + Sec[c + d*x]]]*Sqrt[-1 + Sec[c + d*x]] - Sqrt[2]*(A - B +
C)*ArcTan[Sqrt[-1 + Sec[c + d*x]]/Sqrt[2]]*Sqrt[-1 + Sec[c + d*x]])*Sin[c + d*x])/(d*(-1 + Cos[c + d*x])*Sqrt
[a*(1 + Sec[c + d*x])])

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Maple [B]  time = 0.352, size = 430, normalized size = 3.6 \begin{align*} -{\frac{1}{2\,ad\sin \left ( dx+c \right ) } \left ( -A\sqrt{-2\,{\frac{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) }{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) +1}}}\sqrt{2}{\it Artanh} \left ({\frac{\sqrt{2}\sin \left ( dx+c \right ) }{2\,\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) }\sqrt{-2\,{\frac{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) }{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) +1}}}} \right ) \sin \left ( dx+c \right ) +2\,B\sqrt{2}{\it Artanh} \left ( 1/2\,{\frac{\sqrt{2}\sin \left ( dx+c \right ) }{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) }\sqrt{-2\,{\frac{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) }{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) +1}}}} \right ) \sqrt{-2\,{\frac{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) }{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) +1}}}\sin \left ( dx+c \right ) -2\,A\ln \left ( -{\frac{1}{\sin \left ( dx+c \right ) } \left ( -\sqrt{-2\,{\frac{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) }{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) +1}}}\sin \left ( dx+c \right ) +\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) -1 \right ) } \right ) \sqrt{-2\,{\frac{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) }{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) +1}}}\sin \left ( dx+c \right ) +2\,B\ln \left ( -{\frac{1}{\sin \left ( dx+c \right ) } \left ( -\sqrt{-2\,{\frac{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) }{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) +1}}}\sin \left ( dx+c \right ) +\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) -1 \right ) } \right ) \sqrt{-2\,{\frac{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) }{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) +1}}}\sin \left ( dx+c \right ) -2\,C\ln \left ( -{\frac{1}{\sin \left ( dx+c \right ) } \left ( -\sqrt{-2\,{\frac{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) }{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) +1}}}\sin \left ( dx+c \right ) +\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) -1 \right ) } \right ) \sqrt{-2\,{\frac{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) }{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) +1}}}\sin \left ( dx+c \right ) +2\,A \left ( \cos \left ( dx+c \right ) \right ) ^{2}-2\,A\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) \right ) \sqrt{{\frac{a \left ( \cos \left ( dx+c \right ) +1 \right ) }{\cos \left ( dx+c \right ) }}}} \end{align*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

int(cos(d*x+c)*(A+B*sec(d*x+c)+C*sec(d*x+c)^2)/(a+a*sec(d*x+c))^(1/2),x)

[Out]

-1/2/d/a*(-A*(-2*cos(d*x+c)/(cos(d*x+c)+1))^(1/2)*2^(1/2)*arctanh(1/2*2^(1/2)*(-2*cos(d*x+c)/(cos(d*x+c)+1))^(
1/2)*sin(d*x+c)/cos(d*x+c))*sin(d*x+c)+2*B*2^(1/2)*arctanh(1/2*2^(1/2)*(-2*cos(d*x+c)/(cos(d*x+c)+1))^(1/2)*si
n(d*x+c)/cos(d*x+c))*(-2*cos(d*x+c)/(cos(d*x+c)+1))^(1/2)*sin(d*x+c)-2*A*ln(-(-(-2*cos(d*x+c)/(cos(d*x+c)+1))^
(1/2)*sin(d*x+c)+cos(d*x+c)-1)/sin(d*x+c))*(-2*cos(d*x+c)/(cos(d*x+c)+1))^(1/2)*sin(d*x+c)+2*B*ln(-(-(-2*cos(d
*x+c)/(cos(d*x+c)+1))^(1/2)*sin(d*x+c)+cos(d*x+c)-1)/sin(d*x+c))*(-2*cos(d*x+c)/(cos(d*x+c)+1))^(1/2)*sin(d*x+
c)-2*C*ln(-(-(-2*cos(d*x+c)/(cos(d*x+c)+1))^(1/2)*sin(d*x+c)+cos(d*x+c)-1)/sin(d*x+c))*(-2*cos(d*x+c)/(cos(d*x
+c)+1))^(1/2)*sin(d*x+c)+2*A*cos(d*x+c)^2-2*A*cos(d*x+c))*(a*(cos(d*x+c)+1)/cos(d*x+c))^(1/2)/sin(d*x+c)

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Maxima [F]  time = 0., size = 0, normalized size = 0. \begin{align*} \int \frac{{\left (C \sec \left (d x + c\right )^{2} + B \sec \left (d x + c\right ) + A\right )} \cos \left (d x + c\right )}{\sqrt{a \sec \left (d x + c\right ) + a}}\,{d x} \end{align*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(cos(d*x+c)*(A+B*sec(d*x+c)+C*sec(d*x+c)^2)/(a+a*sec(d*x+c))^(1/2),x, algorithm="maxima")

[Out]

integrate((C*sec(d*x + c)^2 + B*sec(d*x + c) + A)*cos(d*x + c)/sqrt(a*sec(d*x + c) + a), x)

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Fricas [A]  time = 16.585, size = 1237, normalized size = 10.31 \begin{align*} \left [\frac{2 \, A \sqrt{\frac{a \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + a}{\cos \left (d x + c\right )}} \cos \left (d x + c\right ) \sin \left (d x + c\right ) + \sqrt{2}{\left ({\left (A - B + C\right )} a \cos \left (d x + c\right ) +{\left (A - B + C\right )} a\right )} \sqrt{-\frac{1}{a}} \log \left (-\frac{2 \, \sqrt{2} \sqrt{\frac{a \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + a}{\cos \left (d x + c\right )}} \sqrt{-\frac{1}{a}} \cos \left (d x + c\right ) \sin \left (d x + c\right ) - 3 \, \cos \left (d x + c\right )^{2} - 2 \, \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + 1}{\cos \left (d x + c\right )^{2} + 2 \, \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + 1}\right ) +{\left ({\left (A - 2 \, B\right )} \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + A - 2 \, B\right )} \sqrt{-a} \log \left (\frac{2 \, a \cos \left (d x + c\right )^{2} + 2 \, \sqrt{-a} \sqrt{\frac{a \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + a}{\cos \left (d x + c\right )}} \cos \left (d x + c\right ) \sin \left (d x + c\right ) + a \cos \left (d x + c\right ) - a}{\cos \left (d x + c\right ) + 1}\right )}{2 \,{\left (a d \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + a d\right )}}, \frac{A \sqrt{\frac{a \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + a}{\cos \left (d x + c\right )}} \cos \left (d x + c\right ) \sin \left (d x + c\right ) +{\left ({\left (A - 2 \, B\right )} \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + A - 2 \, B\right )} \sqrt{a} \arctan \left (\frac{\sqrt{\frac{a \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + a}{\cos \left (d x + c\right )}} \cos \left (d x + c\right )}{\sqrt{a} \sin \left (d x + c\right )}\right ) - \frac{\sqrt{2}{\left ({\left (A - B + C\right )} a \cos \left (d x + c\right ) +{\left (A - B + C\right )} a\right )} \arctan \left (\frac{\sqrt{2} \sqrt{\frac{a \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + a}{\cos \left (d x + c\right )}} \cos \left (d x + c\right )}{\sqrt{a} \sin \left (d x + c\right )}\right )}{\sqrt{a}}}{a d \cos \left (d x + c\right ) + a d}\right ] \end{align*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(cos(d*x+c)*(A+B*sec(d*x+c)+C*sec(d*x+c)^2)/(a+a*sec(d*x+c))^(1/2),x, algorithm="fricas")

[Out]

[1/2*(2*A*sqrt((a*cos(d*x + c) + a)/cos(d*x + c))*cos(d*x + c)*sin(d*x + c) + sqrt(2)*((A - B + C)*a*cos(d*x +
c) + (A - B + C)*a)*sqrt(-1/a)*log(-(2*sqrt(2)*sqrt((a*cos(d*x + c) + a)/cos(d*x + c))*sqrt(-1/a)*cos(d*x + c
)*sin(d*x + c) - 3*cos(d*x + c)^2 - 2*cos(d*x + c) + 1)/(cos(d*x + c)^2 + 2*cos(d*x + c) + 1)) + ((A - 2*B)*co
s(d*x + c) + A - 2*B)*sqrt(-a)*log((2*a*cos(d*x + c)^2 + 2*sqrt(-a)*sqrt((a*cos(d*x + c) + a)/cos(d*x + c))*co
s(d*x + c)*sin(d*x + c) + a*cos(d*x + c) - a)/(cos(d*x + c) + 1)))/(a*d*cos(d*x + c) + a*d), (A*sqrt((a*cos(d*
x + c) + a)/cos(d*x + c))*cos(d*x + c)*sin(d*x + c) + ((A - 2*B)*cos(d*x + c) + A - 2*B)*sqrt(a)*arctan(sqrt((
a*cos(d*x + c) + a)/cos(d*x + c))*cos(d*x + c)/(sqrt(a)*sin(d*x + c))) - sqrt(2)*((A - B + C)*a*cos(d*x + c) +
(A - B + C)*a)*arctan(sqrt(2)*sqrt((a*cos(d*x + c) + a)/cos(d*x + c))*cos(d*x + c)/(sqrt(a)*sin(d*x + c)))/sq
rt(a))/(a*d*cos(d*x + c) + a*d)]

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Sympy [F]  time = 0., size = 0, normalized size = 0. \begin{align*} \int \frac{\left (A + B \sec{\left (c + d x \right )} + C \sec ^{2}{\left (c + d x \right )}\right ) \cos{\left (c + d x \right )}}{\sqrt{a \left (\sec{\left (c + d x \right )} + 1\right )}}\, dx \end{align*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(cos(d*x+c)*(A+B*sec(d*x+c)+C*sec(d*x+c)**2)/(a+a*sec(d*x+c))**(1/2),x)

[Out]

Integral((A + B*sec(c + d*x) + C*sec(c + d*x)**2)*cos(c + d*x)/sqrt(a*(sec(c + d*x) + 1)), x)

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Giac [B]  time = 11.1194, size = 532, normalized size = 4.43 \begin{align*} \frac{\frac{\sqrt{2}{\left (A - B + C\right )} \log \left ({\left (\sqrt{-a} \tan \left (\frac{1}{2} \, d x + \frac{1}{2} \, c\right ) - \sqrt{-a \tan \left (\frac{1}{2} \, d x + \frac{1}{2} \, c\right )^{2} + a}\right )}^{2}\right )}{\sqrt{-a} \mathrm{sgn}\left (\tan \left (\frac{1}{2} \, d x + \frac{1}{2} \, c\right )^{2} - 1\right )} + \frac{{\left (A - 2 \, B\right )} \log \left ({\left |{\left (\sqrt{-a} \tan \left (\frac{1}{2} \, d x + \frac{1}{2} \, c\right ) - \sqrt{-a \tan \left (\frac{1}{2} \, d x + \frac{1}{2} \, c\right )^{2} + a}\right )}^{2} - a{\left (2 \, \sqrt{2} + 3\right )} \right |}\right )}{\sqrt{-a} \mathrm{sgn}\left (\tan \left (\frac{1}{2} \, d x + \frac{1}{2} \, c\right )^{2} - 1\right )} - \frac{{\left (A - 2 \, B\right )} \log \left ({\left |{\left (\sqrt{-a} \tan \left (\frac{1}{2} \, d x + \frac{1}{2} \, c\right ) - \sqrt{-a \tan \left (\frac{1}{2} \, d x + \frac{1}{2} \, c\right )^{2} + a}\right )}^{2} + a{\left (2 \, \sqrt{2} - 3\right )} \right |}\right )}{\sqrt{-a} \mathrm{sgn}\left (\tan \left (\frac{1}{2} \, d x + \frac{1}{2} \, c\right )^{2} - 1\right )} + \frac{4 \, \sqrt{2}{\left (3 \,{\left (\sqrt{-a} \tan \left (\frac{1}{2} \, d x + \frac{1}{2} \, c\right ) - \sqrt{-a \tan \left (\frac{1}{2} \, d x + \frac{1}{2} \, c\right )^{2} + a}\right )}^{2} A \sqrt{-a} - A \sqrt{-a} a\right )}}{{\left ({\left (\sqrt{-a} \tan \left (\frac{1}{2} \, d x + \frac{1}{2} \, c\right ) - \sqrt{-a \tan \left (\frac{1}{2} \, d x + \frac{1}{2} \, c\right )^{2} + a}\right )}^{4} - 6 \,{\left (\sqrt{-a} \tan \left (\frac{1}{2} \, d x + \frac{1}{2} \, c\right ) - \sqrt{-a \tan \left (\frac{1}{2} \, d x + \frac{1}{2} \, c\right )^{2} + a}\right )}^{2} a + a^{2}\right )} \mathrm{sgn}\left (\tan \left (\frac{1}{2} \, d x + \frac{1}{2} \, c\right )^{2} - 1\right )}}{2 \, d} \end{align*}

Verification of antiderivative is not currently implemented for this CAS.

[In]

integrate(cos(d*x+c)*(A+B*sec(d*x+c)+C*sec(d*x+c)^2)/(a+a*sec(d*x+c))^(1/2),x, algorithm="giac")

[Out]

1/2*(sqrt(2)*(A - B + C)*log((sqrt(-a)*tan(1/2*d*x + 1/2*c) - sqrt(-a*tan(1/2*d*x + 1/2*c)^2 + a))^2)/(sqrt(-a
)*sgn(tan(1/2*d*x + 1/2*c)^2 - 1)) + (A - 2*B)*log(abs((sqrt(-a)*tan(1/2*d*x + 1/2*c) - sqrt(-a*tan(1/2*d*x +
1/2*c)^2 + a))^2 - a*(2*sqrt(2) + 3)))/(sqrt(-a)*sgn(tan(1/2*d*x + 1/2*c)^2 - 1)) - (A - 2*B)*log(abs((sqrt(-a
)*tan(1/2*d*x + 1/2*c) - sqrt(-a*tan(1/2*d*x + 1/2*c)^2 + a))^2 + a*(2*sqrt(2) - 3)))/(sqrt(-a)*sgn(tan(1/2*d*
x + 1/2*c)^2 - 1)) + 4*sqrt(2)*(3*(sqrt(-a)*tan(1/2*d*x + 1/2*c) - sqrt(-a*tan(1/2*d*x + 1/2*c)^2 + a))^2*A*sq
rt(-a) - A*sqrt(-a)*a)/(((sqrt(-a)*tan(1/2*d*x + 1/2*c) - sqrt(-a*tan(1/2*d*x + 1/2*c)^2 + a))^4 - 6*(sqrt(-a)
*tan(1/2*d*x + 1/2*c) - sqrt(-a*tan(1/2*d*x + 1/2*c)^2 + a))^2*a + a^2)*sgn(tan(1/2*d*x + 1/2*c)^2 - 1)))/d